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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Globaler <i>F</i>-Test</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>globale <i>F</i>-Test</b> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a> <i>Overall-F-Test</i>), auch <b>Globaltest</b>, <b>Gesamttest</b>, <b>Test auf Gesamtsignifikanz eines Modells</b>, <b><i>F</i>-Test der Gesamtsignifikanz</b>, <b>Test auf den Gesamtzusammenhang eines Modells</b><sup id="cite_ref-Mosler310_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosler310-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stellt eine globale Prüfung der Regressionsfunktion dar. Es wird geprüft, ob mindestens eine Variable einen Erklärungsgehalt für das Modell liefert und das Modell somit als Gesamtes signifikant ist. Falls diese Hypothese verworfen wird, ist das Modell nutzlos. Diese Variante des <a href="F-Test" title="F-Test"><i>F</i>-Tests</a> ist die gebräuchlichste Anwendung des <i>F</i>-Tests.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zugrundeliegendes_Modell">Zugrundeliegendes Modell</h2></div>
<p>Das zugrundeliegende Modell ist das der <a href="Lineare_Mehrfachregression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineare Mehrfachregression">linearen Mehrfachregression</a>, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{i}=\beta _{0}+x_{i1}\beta _{1}+x_{i2}\beta _{2}+\dotsc +x_{ik}\beta _{k}+\varepsilon _{i}=\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\top }{\boldsymbol {\beta }}+\varepsilon _{i}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{i}=\beta _{0}+x_{i1}\beta _{1}+x_{i2}\beta _{2}+\dotsc +x_{ik}\beta _{k}+\varepsilon _{i}=\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\top }{\boldsymbol {\beta }}+\varepsilon _{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f97287e70916365219a105b174a0e873d78ca8c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:54.527ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{i}=\beta _{0}+x_{i1}\beta _{1}+x_{i2}\beta _{2}+\dotsc +x_{ik}\beta _{k}+\varepsilon _{i}=\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\top }{\boldsymbol {\beta }}+\varepsilon _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei wird angenommen, dass die <a href="St%C3%B6rgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_und_Residuum" title="Störgröße und Residuum">Störgrößen</a> unabhängig und <a href="Homoskedastizit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoskedastizität">homoskedastisch</a> sind und für sie gilt, dass sie einer Normalverteilung folgen, d. h.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}\sim {\mathcal {N}}(0,\sigma ^{2}),\quad i=1,\ldots ,n}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}\sim {\mathcal {N}}(0,\sigma ^{2}),\quad i=1,\ldots ,n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36742579721498d3880fc8bb5c99f733969e5852.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.64ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}\sim {\mathcal {N}}(0,\sigma ^{2}),\quad i=1,\ldots ,n}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosler310_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosler310-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Null-_und_Alternativhypothese">Null- und Alternativhypothese</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Nullhypothese" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullhypothese">Nullhypothese</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43910602a221b7a4c373791f94793e3008622070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> des globalen <i>F</i>-Tests sagt aus, dass alle erklärenden Variablen keinen Einfluss auf die abhängige Variable haben. Sowohl die abhängige Variable, als auch die unabhängigen Variablen können binär (<a href="Kategoriale_Variable" title="Kategoriale Variable">kategorial</a>) oder metrisch sein. Der <a href="Wald-Test" title="Wald-Test">Wald-Test</a> kann dann die <b>globale Nullhypothese</b> (ohne Einbezug des <a href="Regressionsparameter" title="Regressionsparameter">Absolutglieds</a>) testen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{1}=\beta _{2}=\ldots =\beta _{k}\;=\;0\Rightarrow \rho ^{2}=0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{1}=\beta _{2}=\ldots =\beta _{k}\;=\;0\Rightarrow \rho ^{2}=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2ff000550e2d2e5236dd5b3b499f6d622d9d8ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:38.865ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{1}=\beta _{2}=\ldots =\beta _{k}\;=\;0\Rightarrow \rho ^{2}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\beta _{j}\;\neq \;0\;\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r\;mindestens\;ein} \;j\in \{1,\ldots ,k\}\Rightarrow \rho ^{2}>0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}:\beta _{j}\;\neq \;0\;\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r\;mindestens\;ein} \;j\in \{1,\ldots ,k\}\Rightarrow \rho ^{2}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/992c60633b7085223120201e38cfc4cf6b302eb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:56.39ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\beta _{j}\;\neq \;0\;\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r\;mindestens\;ein} \;j\in \{1,\ldots ,k\}\Rightarrow \rho ^{2}>0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dieser Test lässt sich so interpretieren, als würde man die gesamte Güte der Regression, also das <a href="Populationsbestimmtheitsma%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Populationsbestimmtheitsmaß">Populationsbestimmtheitsmaß</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ^{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95b44a36e828a576858671546f5e0cb05806b742.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.256ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Regression, testen. Aus diesem Grund wird der globale <i>F</i>-Test auch als <a href="Anpassungsg%C3%BCte" title="Anpassungsgüte">Anpassungsgüte</a>-Test bezeichnet. Die Bezeichnung Anpassungsgüte-Test ist allerdings etwas irreführend, da streng genommen nicht die Anpassung der Regressionsgerade an die Daten überprüft wird, sondern ob wenigstens einer der erklärenden Variablen einen signifikanten Erklärungsbeitrag liefert.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei Zutreffen der Nullhypothese <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43910602a221b7a4c373791f94793e3008622070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich das sogenannte <a href="Leeres_Modell" title="Leeres Modell">Nullmodell</a>. Das Nullmodell ist ein Modell, das nur aus einem Absolutglied <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}">
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teststatistik">Teststatistik</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Teststatistik" title="Teststatistik">Teststatistik</a> dieses Tests bekommt man, wenn man zunächst die <a href="Bestimmtheitsma%C3%9F#R-Quadrat-Schreibweise_der_F-Statistik" title="Bestimmtheitsmaß"><i>R</i>-Quadrat-Schreibweise der <i>F</i>-Statistik</a> betrachtet. Die allgemeine Form der <a href="F-Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Statistik"><i>F</i>-Statistik</a> ist gegeben durch<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\equiv {\frac {\left(SQR_{H_{0}}-SQR\right)/q}{SQR/(n-k-1)}}}">
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<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\equiv {\frac {\left(SQR_{H_{0}}-SQR\right)/q}{SQR/(n-k-1)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/038ea5e70458115be80162b72af87fd43f217b6e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:25.577ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\equiv {\frac {\left(SQR_{H_{0}}-SQR\right)/q}{SQR/(n-k-1)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der zu testenden Restriktionen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SQR_{H_{0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SQR_{H_{0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2de63b202a8ba43d6c758293382810a323aeb104.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.531ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SQR_{H_{0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Residuenquadratsumme" title="Residuenquadratsumme">Residuenquadratsumme</a> des eingeschränkten und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SQR}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SQR}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dfa80c626b2b694beb750db466037260ccb65a9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.102ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SQR}" loading="lazy"></span> die Residuenquadratsumme des uneingeschränkten Modells darstellt. Vorliegend werden, da die Nullhypothese <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{1}=\beta _{2}=\ldots =\beta _{k}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{1}=\beta _{2}=\ldots =\beta _{k}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f7c538d81da1146ee775b66ea6cae84c320deb3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:27.443ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{1}=\beta _{2}=\ldots =\beta _{k}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> lautet, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q=k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q=k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/689eb8d31bbdabe99fbfa86d73a95ae03aeb0fbe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.379ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q=k}" loading="lazy"></span> Restriktionen getestet. Dadurch kann man die Teststatistik auch schreiben als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\left({\mathit {R}}{}^{2}-{\mathit {R}}{}_{H_{0}}^{2}\right)/k}{\left(1-{\mathit {R}}{}^{2}\right)/(n-p)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {\left({\mathit {R}}{}^{2}-{\mathit {R}}{}_{H_{0}}^{2}\right)/k}{\left(1-{\mathit {R}}{}^{2}\right)/(n-p)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b53968fe7930a819ad6172c33ac4ace1d9b101e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:22.999ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\left({\mathit {R}}{}^{2}-{\mathit {R}}{}_{H_{0}}^{2}\right)/k}{\left(1-{\mathit {R}}{}^{2}\right)/(n-p)}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und unter der Nullhypothese gilt<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}F={\frac {MQE}{MQR}}={\frac {SQE}{SQR}}{\frac {n-p}{k}}={\frac {{\mathit {R}}^{2}}{1-{\mathit {R}}^{2}}}{\frac {n-p}{k}}\;{\stackrel {H_{0}}{\sim }}\;F\left(k,n-p\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}F={\frac {MQE}{MQR}}={\frac {SQE}{SQR}}{\frac {n-p}{k}}={\frac {{\mathit {R}}^{2}}{1-{\mathit {R}}^{2}}}{\frac {n-p}{k}}\;{\stackrel {H_{0}}{\sim }}\;F\left(k,n-p\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4bad5e29a8f894835ee486e74aaffcea7119efe9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:59.772ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}F={\frac {MQE}{MQR}}={\frac {SQE}{SQR}}{\frac {n-p}{k}}={\frac {{\mathit {R}}^{2}}{1-{\mathit {R}}^{2}}}{\frac {n-p}{k}}\;{\stackrel {H_{0}}{\sim }}\;F\left(k,n-p\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {R}}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {R}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53cb5c19539c32a8805a6bf11879814143f1d6a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.749ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {R}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> das multiple <a href="Bestimmtheitsma%C3%9F" title="Bestimmtheitsmaß">Bestimmtheitsmaß</a> darstellt. Die Teststatistik eines globalen <i>F</i>-Tests ist also gegeben durch den Quotienten aus dem „mittleren Quadrat der erklärten Abweichungen“ und dem „<a href="Mittleres_Residuenquadrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittleres Residuenquadrat">mittleren Residuenquadrat</a>“. Sie ist unter der Nullhypothese <a href="F-Verteilung" title="F-Verteilung"><i>F</i>-verteilt</a> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-p)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-p)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afaa6e61e34040adf430c2d818b718365690ad92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.214ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-p)}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Anzahl_der_Freiheitsgrade_(Statistik)" title="Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade (Statistik)">Freiheitsgraden</a>. Die Berechnung der <i>F</i>-Teststatistik lässt sich in folgender <i>Tafel der <a href="Varianzanalyse" title="Varianzanalyse">Varianzanalyse</a></i> zusammenfassen:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable zebra centered" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr>
<th align="right">Variationsquelle
</th>
<th><a href="Abweichungsquadratsumme" class="mw-redirect" title="Abweichungsquadratsumme">Abweichungsquadratsumme</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Anzahl_der_Freiheitsgrade_(Statistik)" title="Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade (Statistik)">Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Mittleres_Abweichungsquadrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittleres Abweichungsquadrat">Mittleres Abweichungsquadrat</a>
</th>
<th><a href="F-Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Statistik"><i>F</i>-Teststatistik</a>
</th></tr>
<tr align="center">
<td>Regression (erklärt)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SQE=\sum \nolimits _{i=1}^{n}({\hat {y}}_{i}-{\overline {\hat {y}}})^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo movablelimits="false">∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SQE=\sum \nolimits _{i=1}^{n}({\hat {y}}_{i}-{\overline {\hat {y}}})^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/442257c5be496bd74043a48710aab4fe0dae4610.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:23.69ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SQE=\sum \nolimits _{i=1}^{n}({\hat {y}}_{i}-{\overline {\hat {y}}})^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Erkl%C3%A4rte_Quadratsumme" title="Erklärte Quadratsumme">erklärte Quadratsumme</a>)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle MQE={\frac {SQE}{k}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MQE={\frac {SQE}{k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fff8b49f19d42ed415f95206d46f591ce52ce81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.104ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MQE={\frac {SQE}{k}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {MQE}{MQR}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {MQE}{MQR}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47829dfdda18a4f8f6751cc258d28ec59448e84a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.732ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {MQE}{MQR}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr align="center">
<td>Residuen (unerklärt)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SQR=\sum _{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-{\hat {y}}_{i})^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SQR=\sum _{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-{\hat {y}}_{i})^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa210bc75a05dc3f9c421361060121b9be8d15a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:21.3ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SQR=\sum _{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-{\hat {y}}_{i})^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Residuenquadratsumme" title="Residuenquadratsumme">Residuenquadratsumme</a>)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-p)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-p)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afaa6e61e34040adf430c2d818b718365690ad92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.214ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-p)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle MQR={\frac {SQR}{n-p}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MQR={\frac {SQR}{n-p}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3b6950f7a50bcd62288d1145c1f4c3a00702909.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.384ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MQR={\frac {SQR}{n-p}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr align="center">
<td>Gesamt</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SQT=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-{\bar {y}}\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SQT=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-{\bar {y}}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6897add01596e74cc262894ad89f798f97baf7d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:20.759ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SQT=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-{\bar {y}}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Totale_Quadratsumme" title="Totale Quadratsumme">totale Quadratsumme</a>)</td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorgehen_und_Interpretation">Vorgehen und Interpretation</h2></div>
<p>Überschreitet der empirische <i>F</i>-Wert bei einem <a href="A_priori" title="A priori">a priori</a> festgelegten <a href="Signifikanzniveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Signifikanzniveau">Signifikanzniveau</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Kritischer_Wert_(Statistik)" title="Kritischer Wert (Statistik)">kritischen <i>F</i>-Wert</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{(1-\alpha )}(k,n-p)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{(1-\alpha )}(k,n-p)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/419587eb29bfb8171c1d50e0571eaaa854560055.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:15.618ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{(1-\alpha )}(k,n-p)}" loading="lazy"></span> (das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1-\alpha )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1-\alpha )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1dcc25f05dca60e358d4d22e8342fad5ad7affbb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.3ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1-\alpha )}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Quantil_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" title="Quantil (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Quantil</a> der <i>F</i>-Verteilung mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-p)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-p)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afaa6e61e34040adf430c2d818b718365690ad92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.214ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-p)}" loading="lazy"></span> Freiheitsgraden) so verwirft man die Nullhypothese:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F>F_{(1-\alpha )}(k,n-p)\Rightarrow H_{0}\;{\text{verwerfen}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>verwerfen</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F>F_{(1-\alpha )}(k,n-p)\Rightarrow H_{0}\;{\text{verwerfen}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a89a1a5c943d9df492ec9e2549d01bb76e9aae4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:37.532ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F>F_{(1-\alpha )}(k,n-p)\Rightarrow H_{0}\;{\text{verwerfen}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {R}}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {R}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53cb5c19539c32a8805a6bf11879814143f1d6a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.749ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {R}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann ausreichend groß und mindestens eine erklärende Variable trägt vermutlich genügend Information zur Erklärung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> bei. Es ist naheliegend, bei hohen <i>F</i>-Werten die Nullhypothese zu verwerfen, da ein hohes Bestimmtheitsmaß zu einem hohen <i>F</i>-Wert führt. Wenn der Wald-Test für eine oder mehrere unabhängige Variablen die Nullhypothese ablehnt, dann kann man davon ausgehen, dass die zugehörigen Regressionsparameter ungleich Null sind, so dass die Variablen in das Modell mit einbezogen werden sollten. Wenn es nur um eine unabhängige Variable geht (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{i}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{i}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8d9cdaff291cba51ea99122dda3e1619eb6b530.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.396ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \beta _{i}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> vs. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \beta _{i}\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \beta _{i}\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccd3c2c5ec180f3ba0b6619df1abc052184d7da3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.396ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \beta _{i}\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>), dann wird ein <a href="T-Test" title="T-Test"><i>t</i>-Test</a> benutzt, um zu überprüfen, ob der Parameter signifikant ist. Für einen einzelnen Parameter stimmt das Ergebnis der Wald-Statistik mit dem Ergebnis des Quadrates der <i>t</i>-Statistik überein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Mosler310-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mosler310_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mosler310_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Mosler und Friedrich Schmid: <i>Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und schließende Statistik.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2011, S. 310.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ludwig_Fahrmeir" title="Ludwig Fahrmeir">Ludwig Fahrmeir</a>, Rita Künstler, <a href="Iris_Pigeot" title="Iris Pigeot">Iris Pigeot</a>, <a href="Gerhard_Tutz" title="Gerhard Tutz">Gerhard Tutz</a>: <i>Statistik. Der Weg zur Datenanalyse.</i> 8., überarb. und erg. Auflage. Springer Spektrum, Berlin/Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-50371-3, S. 458.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Marc Wooldridge: <i>Introductory econometrics: A modern approach.</i> 5. Auflage. Nelson Education, 2015, S. 146.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ludwig_Fahrmeir" title="Ludwig Fahrmeir">Ludwig Fahrmeir</a>, Rita Künstler, <a href="Iris_Pigeot" title="Iris Pigeot">Iris Pigeot</a>, <a href="Gerhard_Tutz" title="Gerhard Tutz">Gerhard Tutz</a>: <i>Statistik. Der Weg zur Datenanalyse.</i> 8., überarb. und erg. Auflage. Springer Spektrum, Berlin/Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-50371-3, S. 458.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Greene: <i>Econometric Analysis.</i> 5. Auflage. Prentice Hall International, 2002, ISBN 0-13-110849-2, S. 33.</span>
</li>
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